As the weather improves and spring arrives, the pollen season begins for many sufferers and with it the annual hay fever. Whether hazel, birch or alder, the allergy triggers are diverse, just like the people who struggle with a pollen allergy.
The symptoms of hay fever - such as itchy eyes, sneezing and breathing problems - can develop over the years and have a significant impact on quality of life. Given that the pollen count is changing due to climate change and that symptoms are often more severe in old age, it is crucial to develop effective strategies for relief.
In this article you will learn more about the causes and symptoms of hay fever, the main differences to the common cold and proven medical and alternative treatment options to improve the quality of life with hay fever in old age.
What is hay fever and how does it develop?
Hay fever, also known as pollen allergy, is a common allergic reaction that usually occurs seasonally in spring and is triggered by inhaling pollen. This allergic reaction can cause a variety of unpleasant symptoms, including itchy eyes, sneezing, and coughing.
It is important to note that hay fever does not only occur in children; symptoms can also occur later in life in adults and seniors, even if you did not have allergies in childhood.
There are many causes of hay fever. Research shows that factors such as climate change and the increase in carbon dioxide in the air can increase the allergens, which is why many people in large cities are also affected, making the symptoms more intense and more frequent.
Symptoms of hay fever in older people
The symptoms of hay fever can last longer and be more severe in older people than in younger groups of people. Typical symptoms include itchy eyes, sneezing, a scratchy throat, coughing and shortness of breath.
It is particularly worrying that hay fever can also lead to asthma attacks or more severe respiratory distress. These complications make early detection and treatment particularly important.
In addition, climate change, coupled with the increase in carbon dioxide in the air, can further exacerbate the symptoms and make the situation considerably worse for those affected.
Pollen count and symptoms
The pollen count is the main cause of hay fever. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that the pollen season is starting earlier and that pollen production is being boosted by climate change and the increase in carbon dioxide in the air. As a result, more and more people are suffering from hay fever in adulthood.
Various measures can be taken to alleviate the symptoms of hay fever. One effective option is the use of masks that prevent the inhalation of pollen. There are also alternative methods, such as respiratory therapy, which can be helpful in alleviating symptoms and improving the well-being of those affected. If symptoms are very severe, an ear, nose and throat specialist can be consulted.
Pollen allergy or cold?
The distinction between a common cold and a pollen allergy can be very important for those affected, as the symptoms are similar but require different causes and treatments.
Symptoms of a cold
- Usually develops gradually.
- Symptoms often include cough, sore throat, runny nose and sometimes fever.
- This may be accompanied by physical complaints such as tiredness and slight discomfort.
- The symptoms usually last for several days to two weeks.
Symptoms of a pollen allergy (hay fever)
- Often occurs suddenly, especially during the pollen season.
- Typical symptoms are itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, itchy nose and breathing difficulties.
- There is usually no fever or general feeling of illness.
- The symptoms can persist over a longer period of time during the pollen season, especially as long as contact with the allergens continues.
Suddenly allergic in old age
The development of a pollen allergy later in life can have various causes, and there are several factors that can lead to a sudden onset of this allergy:
- Genetic factors: A familial predisposition can play a role. Even if someone did not have allergies in childhood, genetic predispositions can become active over the years.
- Changes in the immune system: Changes in the immune system can occur with increasing age. These changes can lead to the body no longer tolerating allergens, such as pollen, as well and triggering an allergic reaction.
- Environmental factors: Changes in the environment, such as air pollution and an increase in carbon dioxide, can amplify allergens and increase the likelihood of someone reacting to these allergens. This means that a person who previously had no problem with pollen suddenly becomes more sensitive and symptoms develop.
- Exposure to allergens: Increased exposure to pollen can also cause an allergy to develop. If someone previously lived in an environment where pollen was less common, but later moves to a place with more pollen, this can lead to allergy treatment.
- Pre-existing respiratory diseases: The presence of other respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic bronchitis, can increase the risk of developing a pollen allergy. These diseases can sensitize the airways and increase the likelihood of allergic reactions.
- Hormonal changes: Hormonal changes can occur in the context of the natural ageing process, which can also influence the immune system and promote an allergy tendency.
Development of hay fever
The trigger of a pollen allergy, also known as hay fever, is a complex process that is influenced by genetic, immunological and environmental factors. First of all, people with a family history of allergies have an increased risk of developing an allergy themselves.
During the first exposure to pollen, often in childhood, the immune system does not normally react. However, if repeated contacts occur, the immune system can develop an overreaction with sneezing attacks and produce specific immunoglobulins (IgE antibodies) against the pollen. On further contact with the same pollen, these antibodies release chemical substances, in particular histamine, which leads to typical allergy symptoms such as itching, sneezing and breathing difficulties.
This allergic reaction also triggers an inflammatory response, which damages the mucous membranes and exacerbates the symptoms. Over time, the symptoms can become chronic, especially if exposure to allergens continues, which increases the risk of developing respiratory diseases such as asthma.
Pollen allergy: more and more people affected
The increasing number of pollen allergy sufferers in Germany, as determined by the German Pollen Information Service (PID), can be attributed to several factors:
- Climate change: Milder winters and longer growing seasons lead to earlier and more intensive flowering periods, which increases pollen production.
- Air pollution: Pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter sensitize the airways and increase the allergenic potential of pollen.
- Changes in agriculture: The cultivation of allergenic plants and monocultures leads to higher pollen concentrations and thus to more cases of allergies.
- Urbanization: Air quality is often poorer in urban areas, which can increase sensitization and allergy rates.
- Genetic predisposition: A family predisposition to allergies means that new generations are affected more frequently.
- Increased awareness: Improved information and diagnostic options mean that more people recognize their allergy symptoms and seek medical help.
Medical treatment options
The medical treatment of hay fever can vary depending on the severity of the symptoms and the individual needs of the patient. There are various treatment methods available that are specifically aimed at reducing the symptoms.
A common option for pollen allergy sufferers in allergology is the use of medication that specifically relieves inflammation of the nasal mucosa and eyes. These medications can provide rapid relief in acute reactions.
Immunotherapy can also be considered. This method aims to train the immune system to better recognize and combat pollen allergens, which can improve symptoms in the long term.
There are also alternative treatment methods, such as acupuncture, which help to alleviate the symptoms of hay fever in many patients.
